“[N]ot one [biochemical explanation for psychiatric conditions] has been proven. Quite the contrary. In every instance where such an imbalance was thought to have been found, it was later proven false.”
— Joseph Glenmullen, M.D., psychiatrist, Harvard University
“We know that the chemical imbalance model for mental illness has never been scientifically proven.”
— Ty C. Colbert, Ph.D., president, Center for Psychological Alternatives to Biopsychiatry, Santa Ana, California
“There is no blood or other biological test to ascertain the presence or absence of a mental illness, as there is for most bodily diseases. If such a test were developed, then the condition would cease to be a mental illness and would be classified, instead, as a symptom of a bodily disease.”
— Thomas S. Szasz, M.D., professor of psychiatry emeritus, State University of New York
“[T]here are no tests available for assessing the chemical status of a living person’s brain.”
— Elliot S. Valenstein, Ph.D., professor of psychology and neuroscience emeritus, University of Michigan